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When U.S. government subsidies are included, the cost of onshore wind and utility-scale solar continues to be competitive with the marginal cost of coal, nuclear and combined cycle gas generation. The former values average $27/MWh for utility-scale solar and $25/MWh for utility-scale wind, while the latter values average $42/MWh for coal, $29/MWh for nuclear and $24/MWh for combined cycle gas generation.
While rates of decline in the LCOE for utility-scale solar and onshore wind have slowed in recent years, the pace of decline for utility-scale solar continues to be higher than that for onshore wind (i.e., observed five-year compound annual declines of 8% in the average LCOE of utility-scale solar, compared to 4% for onshore wind).
Hydrogen (H2) is an alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic resources. Although the market for hydrogen as a transportation fuel is in its infancy, government and industry are working toward clean, economical, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Light-duty FCEVs are now available in limited quantities to the consumer market in localized regions domestically and around the world. The market is also developing for buses, material handling equipment (such as forklifts), ground support equipment, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, marine vessels, and stationary applications. For more information, see fuel properties and the Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center.
Hydrogen is abundant in our environment. It's stored in water (H2O), hydrocarbons (such as methane, CH4), and other organic matter. One challenge of using hydrogen as a fuel is efficiently extracting it from these compounds.
Although the production of hydrogen may generate emissions affecting air quality, depending on the source, an FCEV running on hydrogen emits only water vapor and warm air as exhaust and is considered a zero-emission vehicle. Major research and development efforts are aimed at making these vehicles and their infrastructure practical for widespread use. This has led to the rollout of light-duty production vehicles to retail consumers, as well as the initial implementation of medium- and heavy-duty buses and trucks in California and fleet availability in northeastern states.
Hydrogen is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The interest in hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel stems from its ability to power fuel cells in zero-emission vehicles, its potential for domestic production, and the fuel cell's fast filling time and high efficiency. In fact, a fuel cell coupled with an electric motor is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. Hydrogen can also serve as fuel for internal combustion engines. However, unlike FCEVs, these produce tailpipe emissions and are less efficient. Learn more about fuel cells.
California is leading the nation in building hydrogen fueling stations for FCEVs. As of mid-2021, 47 retail hydrogen stations were open to the public in California, as well as one in Hawaii, and 55 more were in various stages of construction or planning in California. These stations are serving over 8,000 FCEVs. California continues to provide funding toward building hydrogen infrastructure through its Clean Transportation Program. The California Energy Commission is authorized to allocate up to $20 million per year through 2023 and is investing in an initial 100 public stations to support and encourage these zero-emission vehicles. In addition, 14 retail stations are planned for the northeastern states, with some of those already serving fleet customers.
Vehicle manufacturers are only offering FCEVs to consumers who live in regions where hydrogen stations exist. Non-retail stations in California and throughout the country also continue serving FCEV fleets, including buses. Multiple distribution centers are using hydrogen to fuel material-handling vehicles in their normal operations. In addition, several announcements have been made regarding the production of heavy-duty vehicles, such as line-haul trucks, that will require fueling stations with much higher capacities than existing light-duty stations. Find hydrogen fueling stations across the United States.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Alternative Fueling Station Locator contains information on public and private non-residential alternative fueling stations in the United States and Canada and currently tracks ethanol (E85), biodiesel, compressed natural gas, electric vehicle (EV) charging, hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, and propane stations. Of these fuels, EV charging continues to experience rapidly changing technology and growing infrastructure.
In Q3 of 2022, there was a 5.0% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, including a 5.5% increase in public ports and a 2.0% increase in private ports. DC fast ports increased by the greatest percentage (6.9%). The Northeast region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q3 (11.7%), though California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q2 of 2022, there was a 4.6% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, including a 5.1% increase in public ports and a 1.5% increase in private ports. DC fast ports increased by the greatest percentage (6.4%). The Mid-Atlantic region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q2 (6.7%), though California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q1 of 2022, there was a 1.2% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, including a 1.3% increase in public ports and a 0.7% increase in private ports. Both public and private DC fast ports grew by the largest percentage (6.0% and 2.4%, respectively) compared with Level 1 and Level 2 ports. The Mid-Atlantic region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q1 (7.6%), though California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q4 of 2021, there was a 4.3% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, including a 4.7% increase in public ports and a 2.0% increase in private ports. Among public EVSE, DC fast ports grew by the largest percentage (8.8%). The Mid-Atlantic region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q4 (7.6%), though California, which has one-third of the country's public charging infrastructure, continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q3 of 2021, there was a 2.9% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, including a 3.3% increase in public ports and a 0.5% increase in private ports. Among public EVSE, DC fast ports grew by the largest percentage (6.5%). The Northeast region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q3 (4.9%), though California, which has almost a third of the country's public charging infrastructure, continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q2 of 2021, all categories of EVSE grew, except for public and private Level 1 EVSE, which decreased by 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively. Overall, there was a 4.3% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, with DC fast growing by the largest percentage (6.8%). The Northeast region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q2 (7.2%), but California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q1 of 2021, the Station Locator reached an important milestone of 100,000 EVSE ports. All categories of EVSE grew, except for public Level 1 EVSE, which decreased by 2.4%. Overall, there was a 7.3% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator, with Level 2 EVSE ports contributing to the majority of that growth. The South Central region had the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q1, but California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
In Q1 of 2020, all categories of EVSE grew. Overall, there was a 6.9% increase in the number of EVSE ports in the Station Locator. The majority of EVSE ports in the Station Locator are Level 2, but the number of both public and private direct-current (DC) fast charging EVSE ports grew by the largest percentage in Q1. The Northeast region saw the largest increase in public charging infrastructure in Q1, but California continues to lead the country in the number of available public EVSE ports.
The development of carbon and hydrogen hubs is a crucial strategy for achieving economies of scale in the deployment of decarbonization technologies and associated infrastructure. Hubs are an opportunity to meet midcentury climate goals, retain and create high-wage energy, industrial, and manufacturing jobs, and provide environmental and economic benefits to local communities.
Here are a few key takeaways from the atlas: Carbon management and zero-carbon hydrogen are needed at scale to achieve our climate goals. Carbon and hydrogen hubs can focus planning, coordination, policy, and investment regionally to bring these required solutions to scale. Supportive federal and state policy is critical to scale up carbon management and zero-carbon hydrogen technologies and associated infrastructure.Download the Atlas or individual carbon and hydrogen hub fact sheets.
GPI has identified 14 hubs across eight regions of the United States. Carbon and hydrogen hub development opportunities are well distributed across the country, and the regions designated as potential hubs through this analysis are by no means exclusive. Since industrial production and emissions occur throughout the country, carbon capture, hydrogen production, and direct air capture facilities will need to be deployed wherever beneficial and feasible.
Why the focus on carbon and hydrogen together According to global climate modeling scenarios by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), we must reach net-zero emissions by midcentury to keep the average global temperature rise to 1.5C to 2C above preindustrial levels. Carbon management and hydrogen will play a vital role in meeting these emissions reduction goals in the United States and globally, particularly in hard-to-decarbonize sectors like industry and manufacturing. 59ce067264